Which virus is most commonly linked to cervical cancer?

• A. HSV
• B. CMV
• C. HPV
• D. Adenovirus

Answer: (C)

Cervical cancer is most strongly linked to infection with high‑risk human papillomavirus (HPV). When a persistent infection with these high‑risk types occurs, the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 disrupt key tumor suppressor pathways (like p53 and Rb), leading to unregulated cell growth and the development of precancerous changes that can progress to invasive cancer over time. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for the majority of cervical cancers worldwide, and the infection is transmitted sexually, with many cases cleared by the immune system while persistence increases risk. Vaccines target the most oncogenic HPV types and screening with Pap tests and HPV DNA testing helps detect precancerous changes early. The other listed viruses do not cause cervical cancer—HSV causes genital ulcers, CMV is linked to congenital infections and other illnesses, and adenovirus can cause respiratory and ocular infections but not cervical cancer.